Lithium-ion battery supply chain for e-drive vehicles in the US: 2010 – 2020, Argonne National Lab.
Understanding the battery supply chain is particularly important for the strategic planning and development of a battery recycling infrastructure to secure critical materials supply and enable a circular economy.
Argonne has been tracking plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) sales in the United States (U.S.) by make and model since December 2010, when the Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf were first sold in the U.S. Building on detailed monthly sales data, this report summarizes the manufacturing and production locations of lithium-ion (Li-ion, or LIB) battery cells and packs by make and model for PEVs sold in the U.S. from 2010 to 2020.
It also summarizes the annual and cumulative Li-ion battery capacity installed in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) sold in the U.S. Overall, there are about 20 different battery cell and pack manufacturers, which are currently supplying about 20 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of batteries annually for the U.S. PEV market.
Panasonic and LG Chem are the largest cell suppliers to the U.S. market. Beyond the U.S, South Korea and Japan are major countries supplying PEV batteries to the U.S. market.
The batteries used in PEVs sold in the U.S. have been largely domestically sourced. In
terms of total battery capacity since 2010, over half of all cells have been produced in the U.S., as have nearly 90% of all battery packs. This trend toward domestic production has grown over time, with 70% of battery cells and 87% of battery packs produced in the U.S. in 2020.
Most of this production is for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) rather than plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), because of the larger capacity intrinsic to BEVs as well as the greater diversity of manufacturers of PHEVs. However, the large share of domestic production is due to a singleplayer, Tesla/Panasonic.
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This report uses Sankey diagrams to show evolving trends of the supply chain for the
production locations and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of battery cell, battery pack, and vehicle assembly from 2010 to 2020. The Sankey diagram format makes it easy to track the flow of production from one location or OEM to another over several steps of the supply chain.
Figure ES-2 (from left to right) shows total Li-ion battery capacity (in MWh) supplied to the
U.S. PEV market by production location between 2010 and 2020. During this time, a total of
approximately 75.9 GWh (75,900 MWh) of battery capacity was installed in PEVs sold in the
U.S.
Of that total, 65.8 GWh was installed in PEVs that were assembled in the U.S. Of the total battery capacity installed over this period for the U.S. market, 67.4 GWh of battery packs and 39.1 GWh of battery cells were assembled in the U.S. The flow color between each of the nodes is based on the node from which the flow originates.
The share of Li-ion batteries in HEVs has grown since 2010, reaching around half the
market for full hybrids and the entire market for mild hybrids in the U.S. The total annual Li-ion battery capacity of HEVs was about 400 MWh in 2020.
Among all full hybrids with Li-ion
batteries, Panasonic has supplied more than half of the batteries, followed by LG Chem, Blue
Energy (GS Yuasa), and Vehicle Energy Japan (Hitachi).
Major Li-ion battery manufacturers have announced plans for, or are already in the
process of, constructing new battery cell factories to support rising PEV markets globally. Based on announcements made by major battery supply-chain companies, total U.S. battery production capacity could increase to about 80 GWh per year by 2023.
Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain for E-Drive Vehicles in the UnitedStates: 2010-2020, March, 2021
